From: Subject: Guide to Safe Scouting Date: Sat, 24 Jan 2004 18:00:37 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0000_01C3E2A3.F8D4D430"; type="text/html" X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C3E2A3.F8D4D430 Content-Type: text/html; charset="Windows-1252" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://www.scouting.org/cgi/gss/viewall.pl Guide to Safe Scouting

3D"Guide

The purpose of the Guide to Safe Scouting is to prepare adult = leaders to=20 conduct Scouting activities in a safe and prudent manner. The policies = and=20 guidelines have been established because of the real need to protect = members=20 from known hazards that have been identified through eighty-plus years = of=20 experience. Limitations on certain activities should not be viewed as = stumbling=20 blocks; rather, policies and guidelines are best described as = stepping-stones=20 toward safe and enjoyable adventures.

Unit leaders should be aware of state or local government regulations = that=20 supersede Boy Scouts of America policies and guidelines.

When considering activities not specifically addressed in Scouting=20 literature, activity planners should evaluate the benefit to the = Scouting=20 program versus the risk of injury. The benefit side includes the = question: "Does=20 this activity further the aims and methods of Scouting?"

=20

Scouting Safety Begins = with=20 Leadership

Because the majority of Scout injuries and accidents occur during = unit=20 events, Health and Safety has developed a video and training course = intended to=20 heighten troop, pack, and crew leaders' awareness of safety and risk = management=20 issues. Contact your local council service center or your district or = council=20 training chairman to get the date, time, and place of the next Scouting = Safety=20 Begins With Leadership course.

Donald Smith, a risk management committee member in the Patriot's = Path=20 Council, created a PowerPoint=AE slide presentation, SafeScout, that can = be used=20 with the video or as a shorter stand-alone presentation for roundtable=20 discussions. Get a copy of the slide show by calling or e-mailing Risk=20 Management at 972-580-2228; vsavoy@netbsa.org. Let us know if you prefer = disk or=20 e-mail as the mode of delivery.

BSA Rules and = Policies

Bold type throughout the Guide to Safe Scouting denotes BSA = rules=20 and policies.

Viewing the online=20 Guide

The Guide to Safe Scouting is available here in two formats:=20

A bound hard-copy = version=20 (BSA Supply #34416D) is also available. To obtain a copy, contact your = local=20 council or call 1-800-323-0732 to request an Official Boy Scout Catalog.

3D"Table

Preface

  1. Youth Protection & Adult Leadership
    • Youth Protection in Scouting=20
    • Youth Member Behavior Guidelines=20
    • Leadership Requirements for Trips and Outings
  2. Aquatics Safety
    • Instructors for Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat Training=20
    • Safe Swim Defense=20
    • Classification of Swimming Ability=20
    • Pool and Surf Swimming=20
    • Safety Afloat=20
    • Personal Flotation Devices (PFDs)=20
    • Water Clarity=20
    • BSA Lifeguard=20
    • Swimming Area=20
    • Diving and Elevated Entry=20
    • Scuba Policy=20
    • Snorkeling=20
    • Kayaking=20
    • Waterskiing=20
    • Boardsailing=20
    • Whitewater Safety Code
  3. Camping
    • Age Guidelines=20
    • Family Camping=20
    • Wilderness Camping=20
    • Trail Safety=20
    • Beware of Lightning=20
    • Pure Drinking Water=20
    • BSA Property Smart=20
    • Hantavirus=20
    • Rabies Prevention
  4. Drug, Alcohol, and Tobacco Use and Abuse=20
  5. Emergency Preparedness
    • Reporting Deaths or Serious Injury=20
    • Emergency Contact List
  6. First Aid
    • First-Aid Kits=20
    • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)=20
    • Protection Considerations for Bloodborne Pathogens=20
    • Near-Drowning
  7. Fuels and Fire Prevention
    • Chemical Fuels=20
    • Guidelines for Safely Using Chemical Stoves and Lanterns=20
    • Flammability Warning=20
    • Extinguishers=20
    • Fireworks
  8. Guns and Firearms
    • Cub Scout Standards=20
    • Boy Scout Standards=20
    • Handguns (Venturers only)=20
    • Shotguns=20
    • Muzzle Loaders=20
    • Rifles
  9. Sports and Activities
    • The Sweet 16 of BSA Safety=20
    • Caving=20
    • Judo, Tai Chi, and Aikido=20
    • Climbing and Rappelling=20
    • Unauthorized and Restricted Activities=20
    • Carbon Tetrachloride=20
    • Knives=20
    • Rope Monkey Bridges=20
    • Parade Floats and Hayrides=20
    • Unit Fund-raisers=20
    • Tractor Safety=20
    • Bike Safety=20
    • Skating Guidelines=20
    • Horsemanship Activities
  10. Inspections
    • Meeting Room=20
    • Motor Vehicles=20
    • Unit Camping=20
    • Boats
  11. Medical Information
    • Immunizations=20
    • Life-Threatening Communicable Diseases=20
    • Sun Safety=20
    • Religious Beliefs and Medical Care=20
    • Prescriptions
  12. Transportation
    • Automobiles=20
    • Campers, Trailers, and Trucks=20
    • Buses=20
    • Trains=20
    • Boats=20
    • Aircraft=20
    • Tour Permits=20
    • Commercial Driver's License Compliance
  13. Winter Activities
    • Winter Camping Safety=20
    • Winter Sports Safety

3D"I.

Youth = Protection in=20 Scouting

=20

How does the BSA prevent child abuse = in=20 Scouting?

The Boy Scouts of America has adopted a number of policies aimed at=20 eliminating opportunities for abuse within the Scouting program. These = policies=20 focus on leadership selection and on placing barriers to abuse within = the=20 program.

Leadership

The Boy Scouts of America takes great pride in the quality of our = adult=20 leadership. Being a leader in the BSA is a privilege, not a right. The = quality=20 of the program and the safety of our youth members call for high-quality = adult=20 leaders. We work closely with our chartered organizations to help = recruit the=20 best possible leaders for their units.

The adult application requests background information that should be = checked=20 by the unit committee or the chartered organization before accepting an=20 applicant for unit leadership. While no current screening techniques = exist that=20 can identify every potential child molester, we can reduce the risk of = accepting=20 a child molester by learning all we can about an applicant for a = leadership=20 position=97his or her experience with children, why he or she wants to = be a Scout=20 leader, and what discipline techniques he or she would use.

Barriers to Abuse Within=20 Scouting

The BSA has adopted the following policies to provide additional = security for=20 our members. These policies are primarily for the protection of our = youth=20 members; however, they also serve to protect our adult leaders from = false=20 accusations of abuse.

Note: Bold type denotes rules and policies.

  • Two-deep leadership.
    Two registered adult leaders or one = registered=20 leader and a parent of a participant, one of whom must be 21 years of = age or=20 older, are required on all trips and outings. The chartered = organization is=20 responsible for ensuring that sufficient leadership is provided for = all=20 activities.=20

  • No one-on-one contact.
    One-on-one contact between adults and = youth=20 members is not permitted. In situations that require personal = conferences,=20 such as a Scoutmaster's conference, the meeting is to be conducted in = view of=20 other adults and youths.=20

  • Respect of privacy.
    Adult leaders must respect the privacy of = youth=20 members in situations such as changing clothes and taking showers at = camp, and=20 intrude only to the extent that health and safety require. Adults must = protect=20 their own privacy in similar situations.=20

  • Separate accommodations.
    When camping, no youth is permitted to = sleep=20 in the tent of an adult other than his own parent or guardian. = Councils are=20 strongly encouraged to have separate shower and latrine facilities for = females. When separate facilities are not available, separate times = for male=20 and female use should be scheduled and posted for showers.=20

  • Proper preparation for high-adventure activities.
    Activities = with=20 elements of risk should never be undertaken without proper = preparation,=20 equipment, clothing, supervision, and safety measures.=20

  • No secret organizations.
    The Boy Scouts of America does not = recognize=20 any secret organizations as part of its program. All aspects of the = Scouting=20 program are open to observation by parents and leaders.=20

  • Appropriate attire.
    Proper clothing for activities is required. = For=20 example, skinny-dipping is not appropriate as part of Scouting.=20

  • Constructive discipline.
    Discipline used in Scouting should be=20 constructive and reflect Scouting's values. Corporal punishment is = never=20 permitted.=20

  • Hazing prohibited.
    Physical hazing and initiations are = prohibited and=20 may not be included as part of any Scouting activity.=20

  • Junior leader training and supervision.
    Adult leaders must = monitor and=20 guide the leadership techniques used by junior leaders and ensure that = BSA=20 policies are followed.

How can parents help protect their=20 children?

Parents participate in the protection of their children in a variety = of ways.=20 We have already mentioned the need for open lines of communication so = that=20 children are encouraged to bring any troubles to their parents for = advice and=20 counsel. In addition, parents need to be involved in their sons' = Scouting=20 activities. All parents receive important information concerning the = Scouting=20 program as part of their sons' membership applications. This information = is=20 provided so that parents can detect any deviations from the BSA's = approved=20 program. If any deviations are noted, parents should call these to the = attention=20 of the chartered organization or the unit committee. If the problems = persist,=20 parents should contact the local council for assistance.

Parents also need to review the booklet, "How to Protect Your = Children from=20 Child Abuse and Drug Abuse: A Parent's Guide," inserted in every Boy = Scout and=20 Cub Scout handbook. The information in this booklet should be the = subject of=20 discussions between Scouts and their parents prior to joining a pack or=20 troop.

Why do most child victims of sexual = abuse keep=20 the abuse secret?

A victim of child sexual abuse is under a great deal of pressure to = keep the=20 abuse secret. In many cases of child molestation, the molester has = threatened to=20 harm the child or a member of the child's family. The molester might = have told=20 the child that he would not be believed even if the child did tell. = Another=20 common situation is that the molester will tell the child that if the = child=20 tells about the abuse, he will get into trouble. The clear message is = given to=20 the child that if another person finds out, something bad will happen to = the=20 child. This pressure to maintain silence can often be successfully = overcome by=20 establishing open communication between children and adults through a = proper=20 educational program for children.

What should I do if a child tells me = that he=20 has been sexually abused?

How an adult responds to a child when he tries to disclose abuse can=20 influence the outcome of the child's victimization. By maintaining an = apparent=20 calm, the adult can help reassure the child that everything is going to = be okay.=20 By not criticizing the child, we counteract any statements the molester = made to=20 the victim about the child getting into trouble. Reassure the child that = you are=20 concerned about what happened to him and that you would like to get him = some=20 help. Allegations by a Scout concerning abuse in the program must be = reported=20 to the Scout executive. Since these reports are required, the child = should=20 be told that you have to tell the proper authorities but that you will = not tell=20 anyone else. It is important that you not tell anyone other than the = Scout=20 executive or the child protective services agency about allegations of = abuse=97if=20 the allegations cannot be substantiated, you could be sued for = defamation of=20 character.

How do I know what my reporting=20 responsibilities are?

Every state, the District of Columbia, and the U.S. territories have=20 different reporting requirements. As part of youth protection training, = you will=20 receive reporting instructions for your area and for your council. = People are=20 often concerned about being sued for reporting child abuse. You are not = required=20 to know for certain that a child has been abused. All that the law = requires is=20 that you have a reasonable suspicion and are reporting in "good faith." = When=20 these requirements are met, all states provide immunity from liability = for child=20 abuse reporters.

What youth protection educational = materials=20 does the BSA have for youth members?

"How to Protect Your Children from Child Abuse: A Parent's Guide" is = a=20 tear-out booklet bound in with BSA youth books. It is designed for = parents or=20 guardians and young people to use together for youth protection = training. The=20 BSA also has separate age-appropriate videos for Cub Scout-age and Boy = Scout-age=20 boys to address the problems of sexual abuse. The video for Cub Scouts, = "It=20 Happened to Me," should be used annually by packs or dens, but only for = Cub=20 Scouts accompanied by a parent or other adult family member. The video = for Boy=20 Scouts, "A Time to Tell" introduces the "three Rs" of Youth Protection, = and=20 should be viewed by troops annually.

The BSA recognizes that many of our leaders feel unprepared to talk = to=20 children about preventing sexual abuse. For this reason, the BSA has = meeting=20 guides for both of the videos produced to be viewed by youths. The = guides=20 address everything from scheduling the meeting, contacting the police or = social=20 services for assistance, and notifying parents (a sample letter is = provided), to=20 questions and answers for discussion after the video has been = viewed.

What are the "three Rs" of Youth=20 Protection?

The "three Rs" of Youth Protection convey a simple message that the = BSA wants=20 its youth members to learn:

  • Recognize situations that place him at risk of being = molested, how=20 child molesters operate, and that anyone could be a molester.=20
  • Resist unwanted and inappropriate attention. Resistance = will stop=20 most attempts at molestation.=20
  • Report attempted or actual molestation to a parent or other = trusted=20 adult. This prevents further abuse of himself and helps to protect = other=20 children. Let the Scout know he will not be blamed for what occurred. =

Youth = Member Behavior=20 Guidelines

The Boy Scouts of America is a values-based youth development = organization=20 that helps young people learn positive attributes of character, = citizenship, and=20 personal fitness. The BSA has the expectation that all participants in = the=20 Scouting program will relate to each other in accord with the principles = embodied in the Scout Oath and Law.

One of the developmental tasks of childhood is to learn appropriate = behavior.=20 Children are not born with an innate sense of propriety and they need = guidance=20 and direction. The example set by positive adult role models is a = powerful tool=20 for shaping behavior and a tool that is stressed in Scouting.

Misbehavior by a single youth member in a Scouting unit may = constitute a=20 threat to the safety of the individual who misbehaves as well as to the = safety=20 of other unit members. Such misbehavior constitutes an unreasonable = burden on a=20 Scout unit and cannot be ignored.

Member = Responsibilities

All members of the Boy Scouts of America are expected to conduct=20 themselves in accordance with the principles set forth in the Scout Oath = and=20 Law. Physical violence, hazing, bullying, theft, verbal insults, and = drugs and=20 alcohol have no place in the Scouting program and may result in the = revocation=20 of a Scout's membership in the unit.

If confronted by threats of violence or other forms of bullying from = other=20 youth members, Scouts should seek help from their unit leaders or = parents

Unit = Responsibilities

Adult leaders of Scouting units are responsible for monitoring the = behavior=20 of youth members and interceding when necessary. Parents of youth = members who=20 misbehave should be informed and asked for assistance in dealing with = it.

The BSA does not permit the use of corporal punishment by unit = leaders when=20 disciplining youth members.

The unit committee should review repetitive or serious incidents of=20 misbehavior in consultation with the parents of the child to determine a = course=20 of corrective action including possible revocation of the youth's = membership in=20 the unit.

If problem behavior persists, units may revoke a Scout's membership = in that=20 unit. When a unit revokes a Scout's membership, it should promptly = notify the=20 council of the action.

The unit should inform the Scout executive about all incidents that = result in=20 a physical injury or involve allegations of sexual misconduct by a youth = member=20 with another youth member.

Each Cub Scout den and Webelos Scout den and each chartered Cub Scout = pack,=20 Boy Scout troop, Varsity Scout team, and Venturing crew shall have one = leader,=20 21 years of age or older, who shall be registered and serve as the unit = or den=20 leader. A unit leader may not serve simultaneously in any other position = within=20 the same unit. The head of the chartered organization or chartered = organization=20 representative and the local council must approve the registration of = the unit=20 or den leader on the appropriate form.

Primary reference: Rules and Regulations of the Boy = Scouts of=20 America

Leadership = Requirements=20 for Trips and Outings

  1. Two-deep leadership:
    Two registered adult leaders, or one = registered=20 adult and a parent of a participating Scout, one of whom must be at = least 21=20 years of age or older, are required for all trips or outings. There = are a few=20 instances, such as patrol activities, when no adult leadership is = required.=20 Coed overnight activities require male and female adult leaders, both = of whom=20 must be 21 years of age or older, and one of whom must be a registered = member=20 of the BSA.    =20

  2. During transportation to and from planned Scout outings,=20
    1. Meet for departure at a designated area.=20
    2. Prearrange a schedule for periodic checkpoint stops as a group.=20
    3. Plan a daily destination point.

    A common departure site and a daily destination point are a must. = If you=20 cannot provide two adults for each vehicle, the minimum required is = one adult=20 and two or more youth members=97never one on one.=20

  3. Safety rule of four:
    No fewer than four individuals (always = with the=20 minimum of two adults) go on any backcountry expedition or = campout.     If an=20 accident occurs, one person stays with the injured, and two go for = help.=20 Additional adult leadership requirements must reflect an awareness of = such=20 factors as size and skill level of the group, anticipated = environmental=20 conditions, and overall degree of challenge.=20

  4. Male and female leaders must have separate sleeping facilities. = Married=20 couples may share the same quarters if appropriate facilities are=20 available.=20

  5. Male and female youth participants will not share the same = sleeping=20 facility.=20

  6. Single-room or dormitory-type accommodations for Scouting=20 units:
    Adults and youth of the same gender may occupy dormitory or=20 single-room accommodations, provided there is a minimum of two adults = and four=20 youth. A minimum of one of the adults is required to be = youth-protection=20 trained. Adults must establish separation barriers or privacy zones = such as a=20 temporary blanket or sheet walls in order to keep their sleeping area = and=20 dressing area separated from the youth area.    =20

  7. When staying in tents, no youth will stay in the tent of an = adult other=20 than his or her parent or guardian.=20

  8. If separate shower and latrine facilities are not available, = separate=20 times for male and female use should be scheduled and posted for = showers. The=20 buddy system should be used for latrines by having one person wait = outside the=20 entrance, or provide Occupied and Unoccupied signs and/or inside door = latches.

    Adult leaders need to respect the privacy of youth members in = situations=20 where the youth are changing clothes or taking showers, and intrude = only to=20 the extent that health and safety require. Adults also need to protect = their=20 own privacy in similar situations.=20

  9. Two-deep adult leadership is required for flying activities. = For=20 basic orientation flights, the adult licensed pilot in control of the = aircraft=20 is sufficient for the flight, while two-deep leadership is = maintained on=20 the ground.

3D"II.

Instructors = for Safe Swim=20 Defense and Safety Afloat Training

Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat training can be given by any = person=20 authorized by the council, including a BSA Aquatics resource person, a = unit=20 leader with aquatics skill, or any other person with aquatics knowledge = or=20 experience whom the local council has approved.

Safe Swim=20 Defense

3D"Safe=20

Before a BSA group may engage in swimming activities of any kind, a = minimum=20 of one adult leader must complete Safe Swim Defense training, have a = commitment=20 card (No. 34243) with them, and agree to use the eight defenses in this=20 plan.

One of the best opportunities for Safe Swim Defense training is in = summer=20 camp. The eight defenses are:

1. Qualified Supervision=20
All swimming activity must be supervised by a mature and = conscientious=20 adult age 21 or older who understands and knowingly accepts = responsibility for=20 the well-being and safety of youth members in his or her care, who is=20 experienced in the water and confident of his or her ability to = respond in the=20 event of an emergency, and who is trained in and committed to = compliance with=20 the eight points of BSA Safe Swim Defense. (It is strongly recommended = that=20 all units have at least one adult or older youth member currently = trained as a=20 BSA Lifeguard to assist in the planning and conduct of all swimming=20 activity.)

2. Physical Fitness=20
Require evidence of fitness for swimming activity with a complete = health=20 history from physician, parent, or legal guardian. The adult = supervisor=20 should adjust all supervision, discipline, and protection to = anticipate any=20 potential risks associated with individual health conditions. In the = event of=20 any significant health conditions, the unit leader should require = proof of an=20 examination by a physician.

Those with physical disabilities can enjoy and benefit from = aquatics if the=20 disabilities are known and necessary precautions are = taken.

3. Safe Area=20
When swimming in areas not regularly maintained and used for = swimming=20 activity, have lifeguards and swimmers systematically examine the = bottom of=20 the swimming area to determine varying depths, deep holes, rocks, and = stumps.=20 Mark off the area for three groups: not more than 3 1/2 feet deep = for=20 nonswimmers; from shallow water to just over the head for beginners; = deep=20 water not more than 12 feet for swimmers. A participant should not = be=20 permitted to swim in an area where he cannot readily recover and = maintain his=20 footing, or cannot maintain his position on the water, because of = swimming=20 ability or water flow. When setting up a safe swimming area in natural = waters,=20 use poles stuck in the bottom, or plastic bottles, balloons, or sticks = attached to rock anchors with twine for boundary markers. Enclose = nonswimmer=20 and beginner areas with buoy lines (twine and floats) between markers. = Mark=20 the outer bounds of the swimmer's area with floats. Be sure that = clear-water=20 depth is at least 7 feet before allowing anyone to dive into the = water. Diving=20 is prohibited from any height more than 40 inches above the water = surface;=20 feet-first entry is prohibited from more than 60 inches above the = water. For=20 any entry from more than 18 inches above the water surface, = clear-water depth=20 must be 10 to 12 feet. Only surface swimming is permitted in turbid = water.=20 Swimming is not permitted in water over 12 feet deep, in turbid water = where=20 poor visibility and depth would interfere with emergency recognition = or prompt=20 rescue, or in whitewater, unless all participants wear appropriate = personal=20 flotation devices and the supervisor determines that swimming with = personal=20 flotation equipment is safe under the circumstances.

4. Lifeguards on Duty=20
Swim only where there are lifeguards on duty. For unit swims in = areas=20 where lifeguards are not provided by others, the supervisor should = designate=20 two capable swimmers as lifeguards. Station them ashore, equipped = with a=20 lifeline (a 100-foot length of 3/8-inch nylon cord). In an emergency, = one=20 carries out the line; the other feeds it out from shore, then pulls in = his=20 partner and the person being helped. In addition, if a boat is = available, have=20 two people, preferably capable swimmers, take it out=97one rowing and = the other=20 equipped with a 10-foot pole or extra oar. Provide one guard for every = 10=20 people in the water, and adjust the number and positioning of guards = as needed=20 to protect the particular area and activity.

5. Lookout=20
Station a lookout on the shore where it is possible to see and = hear=20 everything in all areas. The lookout may be the adult in charge of the = swim=20 and may give the buddy signals.

6. Ability Groups=20
Divide into three ability groups:
Nonswimmers, beginners, and=20 swimmers.
Keep each group in its own area.
Nonswimmers have not = passed a=20 swimming test. Beginners must pass this test: jump feetfirst into = water over=20 the head in depth, level off, swim 25 feet on the surface. Stop, turn = sharply,=20 resume swimming as before and return to the starting place. Swimmers = pass this=20 test: jump feet-first into water over the head in depth. Level off and = swim 75=20 yards in a strong manner using one or more of the following strokes:=20 sidestroke, breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl; then swim 25 yards using = an easy=20 resting backstroke. The 100 yards must be completed in one swim = without stops=20 and must include at least one sharp turn. After completing the swim, = rest by=20 floating. These classification tests should be renewed annually, = preferably=20 at the beginning of the season.

7. Buddy System=20
Pair every youth with another in the same ability group. = Buddies=20 check in and out of the swimming area together. Emphasize that each = buddy=20 lifeguards his buddy. Check everyone in the water about every 10 = minutes, or=20 as needed to keep the buddies together. The adult in charge signals = for a=20 buddy check with a single blast of a whistle or ring of a bell and a = call of=20 "Buddies!" The adult counts slowly to 10 while buddies join and raise = hands=20 and remain still and silent. Guards check all areas, count the pairs, = and=20 compare the total with the number known to be in the water. Signal two = blasts=20 or bells to resume swimming. Signal three blasts or bells for=20 checkout.

8. Discipline=20
Be sure everyone understands and agrees that swimming is = allowed only=20 with proper supervision and use of the complete Safe Swim Defense. = The=20 applicable rules should be presented and learned prior to the outing, = and=20 should be reviewed for all participants at the water's edge just = before the=20 swimming activity begins. Scouts should respect and follow all = directions and=20 rules of the adult supervisor. When people know the reason for rules = and=20 procedures they are more likely to follow them. Be strict and fair, = showing no=20 favoritism.

Classification of=20 Swimming Ability

Swimmer Test

The swimmer test demonstrates the minimum level of swimming ability = required=20 for safe deep-water swimming. The various components of the test = evaluate the=20 several skills essential to this minimum level of swimming ability:=20

Jump feetfirst into water over the head in depth, level = off,=20 and begin swimming. Swim 75 yards in a strong manner using one or more = of the=20 following strokes: sidestroke, breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl; then = swim 25=20 yards using an easy, resting backstroke. The 100 yards must be = completed in=20 one swim without stops and must include at least one sharp turn. After = completing the swim, rest by floating.
The test = administrator=20 must objectively evaluate the individual performance of the test, and in = so=20 doing should keep in mind the purpose of each test element.

  1. "Jump feetfirst into water over the head in depth, level off, and = begin=20 swimming...

    The swimmer must be able to make an abrupt entry into deep water = and begin=20 swimming without any aids. Walking in from shallow water, easing in = from the=20 edge or down a ladder, pushing off from side or bottom, or gaining = forward=20 momentum by diving do not satisfy this requirement.=20

  2. "...Swim 75 yards in a strong manner using one or more of the = following=20 strokes: sidestroke, breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl..."

    The swimmer must be able to cover distance with a strong, confident = stroke.=20 The 75 yards must not be the outer limit of the swimmer's ability; = completion=20 of the distance should give evidence of sufficient stamina to avoid = undue=20 risks. Dog-paddling and strokes repeatedly interrupted and restarted = are not=20 sufficient; underwater swimming is not permitted. The itemized strokes = are=20 inclusive. Any strong side or breaststroke or any strong overarm = stroke=20 (including the back crawl) is acceptable.=20

  3. "...swim 25 yards using an easy, resting backstroke..."

    The swimmer must indicate the ability to execute a restful, = free-breathing=20 backstroke that can be used to avoid exhaustion during swimming = activity. This=20 element of the test necessarily follows the more strenuous swimming = activity=20 to show that the swimmer is, in fact, able to use the backstroke as a = relief=20 from exertion. The change of stroke must be accomplished in deep water = without=20 any push-off or other aid. Any variation of the elementary may suffice = if it=20 clearly provides opportunity for the swimmer to rest and regain wind.=20

  4. "...The 100 yards must be swum continuously and include at least = one sharp=20 turn..."

    The total distance is to be covered without rest stops. The sharp = turn=20 simply demonstrates the swimmer's ability to reverse direction in deep = water=20 without assistance or push-off from side or bottom.=20

  5. "...After completing the swim, rest by floating."

    This critically important component of the test evaluates the = swimmer's=20 ability to maintain in the water indefinitely even though exhausted or = otherwise unable to continue swimming. Treading water or swimming in = place=20 will further tire the swimmer and are therefore unacceptable. The = duration of=20 the float test is not significant, except that it must be long enough = for the=20 test administrator to determine that the swimmer is, in fact, resting = and=20 could likely continue to do so for a prolonged time. The drownproofing = technique may be sufficient if clearly restful, but it is not = preferred. If=20 the test is completed except for the floating requirement, the swimmer = may be=20 retested on the floating only (after instruction) provided that the = test=20 administrator is confident that the swimmer can initiate the float = when=20 exhausted.

Reference: Swimming and Lifesaving merit = badge=20 pamphlets

Beginner Test

Jump feetfirst into water over the head in depth, level = off,=20 swim 25 feet on the surface, stop, turn sharply, resume swimming as = before,=20 and return to starting place.

The entry and turn serve the same purpose as in the swimmer test. The = swimming can be done with any stroke, but no underwater swimming is = permitted.=20 The stop assures that the swimmer can regain a stroke if it is = interrupted. The=20 test demonstrates that the beginning swimmer is ready to learn deepwater = skills=20 and has the minimum ability required for safe swimming in a confined = area in=20 which shallow water, sides, or other support is less than 25 feet from = any point=20 in the water.

Pool and = Surf=20 Swimming

The Safe Swim Defense applies to swimming at the beach, private or = public=20 pool, wilderness pond, stream, lake, or anywhere Scouts swim. Here are = some=20 additional points for the pool and the surf.

=20

Pool=97If the swimming activity is in a public facility where others = are using=20 the pool at the same time, and the pool operator provides guard = personnel, there=20 may be no need for additional designation of Scout lifeguards and = lookout.

The buddy system is critically important, however, even in a public = pool.=20 Remember, even in a crowd, you are alone without protection if no one is = attentive to your circumstances.

The rule that people swim only in water suited to their ability and = with=20 others of similar ability applies in a pool environment. Most public = pools=20 divide shallow and deep water, and this may be sufficient for defining=20 appropriate swimming areas. If not, the supervisor should clearly = indicate to=20 the participating Scouts the appropriate areas of the public facility. = Although=20 such procedures add a margin of safety, their use may not always be = practical=20 when the swim activity is conducted at a public facility where = non-Scouts are=20 present. A responsible adult supervisor, who understands his or her=20 responsibility and the elements of safety, can exercise discretion = regarding=20 certain procedures while maintaining safety.

Surf=97The surf swimming environment of wave action, currents, tides, = undertow,=20 runouts, and sea pests like stinging jellyfish requires precautions for = safe=20 swimming that aren't necessary in other environments. A swimmer's = physical=20 condition is very important and should enable the swimmer to recover = footing in=20 waves, swim vigorously for at least five minutes without becoming = exhausted, and=20 remain calm and in control when faced with unexpected conditions.

Designated swimming areas are marked by flags or pennants that are = easily=20 seen. Beginners and nonswimmers are positioned inshore from the standing = lifeguards equipped with reach poles. Better swimmers are permitted = seaward of=20 the lifeguard but must remain shoreward of anchored marker buoys. The=20 lifeguard-to-swimmer ratio should always be 1-to-10, with a rescue team=20 stationed at the beach area and supplied with a rescue tube or torpedo = buoy.

Safety=20 Afloat

3D"Safety=20

Safety Afloat has been developed to promote boating and boating = safety and to=20 set standards for safe unit activity afloat. Before a BSA group may = engage in=20 an excursion, expedition, or trip on the water (canoe, raft, sailboat,=20 motorboat, rowboat, tube, or other craft), adult leaders for such = activity must=20 complete Safety Afloat Training, No. 34159C, have a commitment card, No. = 34242A,=20 with them, and be dedicated to full compliance with all nine points of = Safety=20 Afloat.

1. Qualified Supervision=20
All activity afloat must be supervised by a mature and = conscientious adult=20 age 21 or older who understands and knowingly accepts responsibility = for the=20 well-being and safety of the children in his or her care, who is = experienced=20 and qualified in the particular watercraft skills and equipment = involved in=20 the activity, and who is committed to compliance with the nine points = of BSA=20 Safety Afloat. One such supervisor is required for each 10 people, = with a=20 minimum of two adults for any one group. At least one supervisor must = be age=20 21 or older, and the remaining supervisors must be age 18 or older. = All=20 supervisors must complete BSA Safety Afloat and Safe Swim Defense = training and=20 rescue training for the type of watercraft to be used in the activity, = and at=20 least one must be trained in CPR. It is strongly recommended that all = units=20 have at least one adult or older youth member currently trained as a = BSA=20 Lifeguard to assist in the planning and conducting of all activity = afloat.

For Cub Scouts: The ratio of adult supervisors to = participants is=20 one to five.

2. Physical Fitness=20
All persons must present evidence of fitness assured by a = complete=20 health history from physician, parent, or legal guardian. The = adult=20 supervisor should adjust all supervision, discipline, and protection = to=20 anticipate any potential risks associated with individual health = conditions.=20 In the event of any significant health conditions, the adult leader = should=20 require proof of an examination by a physician.

Those with physical disabilities can enjoy and benefit from = aquatics if the=20 disabilities are known and necessary precautions taken.

3. Swimming Ability=20
A person who has not been classified as a "swimmer" may ride as = a=20 passenger in a rowboat or motorboat with an adult "swimmer" or in a = canoe,=20 raft, or sailboat with an adult certified as a lifeguard or a = lifesaver by a=20 recognized agency. In all other circumstances, the person must be a = swimmer to=20 participate in an activity afloat. "Swimmers" must pass this test:

Jump feetfirst into water over the head in depth, level off, and = begin=20 swimming. Swim 75 yards in a strong manner using one or more of the = following=20 strokes: sidestroke, breaststroke, trudgen, or crawl; then swim 25 = yards using=20 an easy, resting backstroke. The 100 yards must be swum continuously = and=20 include at least one sharp turn. After completing the swim, rest by=20 floating.

This qualification test should be renewed annually.

4. Personal Flotation Equipment=20
Properly fitted U.S. Coast Guard-approved personal flotation = devices=20 (PFDs) must be worn by all persons engaged in activity on the open = water=20 (rowing, canoeing, sailing, boardsailing, motorboating, waterskiing, = rafting,=20 tubing, and kayaking). Type II and III PFDs are = recommended.

5. Buddy System=20
All activity afloat must adhere to the principles of the buddy=20 system. The buddy system assures that for every person involved in = aquatics activity, at least one other person is always aware of his or = her=20 situation and prepared to lend assistance immediately when needed. Not = only=20 does every individual have a buddy, but every craft should have a = ''buddy=20 boat'' when on the water.

6. Skill Proficiency=20
All participants in activity afloat must be trained and = experienced in=20 watercraft handling skills, safety, and emergency procedures. (a) For = unit=20 activity on white water, all participants must complete special = training by a=20 BSA Aquatics Instructor or qualified whitewater specialist. (b) = Powerboat=20 operators must be able to meet requirements for the = Motorboating merit=20 badge or equivalent. (c) Except for whitewater and powerboat operation = as=20 noted above, either a minimum of three hours' training and supervised = practice=20 or meeting requirements for "basic handling tests" is required for all = float=20 trips or open-water excursions using unpowered craft. (d) Motorized = personal=20 watercraft, such as the Jet Ski=A8 and SeaDoo=A8, are not authorized = for use in=20 Scouting aquatics, and their use should not be permitted in or near = BSA=20 program areas.

For Cub Scouts: Canoeing, rowboating, and rafting for Cub = Scouts=20 (including Webelos Scouts) is to be limited to council/district events = on flat=20 water ponds or controlled lake areas free of powerboats and sailboats. = Prior=20 to recreational canoeing, Cub Scouts are to be instructed in basic = handling=20 skills and safety practices.

7. Planning=20
Float Plan. Know exactly where the unit will put in, where = the unit=20 will pull out, and precisely what course will be followed. Determine = all=20 stopover points in advance. Estimate travel time with ample margins to = avoid=20 traveling under time pressures. Obtain accurate and current maps and=20 information on the waterway to be traveled, and discuss the course = with others=20 who have made the trip under similar seasonal conditions. (Preferably, = an=20 adult member of the group should run the course before the unit trip.) =

Local Rules. Determine which state and local laws or = regulations are=20 applicable. If private property is to be used or crossed, obtain = written=20 permission from the owners. All such rules must be strictly observed.=20

Notification. The float plan must be filed with the parents = of=20 participants and a member of the unit committee. For any activity = using canoes=20 on running water, the float plan must be filed with the local council = service=20 center. Notify appropriate authorities, such as Coast Guard, state = police, or=20 park personnel, when their jurisdiction is involved. When the unit = returns=20 from this activity, persons given the float plan should be so advised. =

Weather. Check the weather forecast just before setting out, = know=20 and understand the seasonal weather pattern for the region, and keep = an alert=20 "weather eye." Imminent rough weather should bring all ashore = immediately.=20

Contingencies. Planning must anticipate possible emergencies = or=20 other circumstances that could force a change in the original plan. = Identify=20 and consider all such circumstances in advance so that appropriate = contingency=20 plans can be developed.

For Cub Scouts: Cub Scout canoeing, rowboating, and = rafting do=20 not include "trips" or "expeditions" and are not to be conducted on = running=20 water (i.e., rivers or streams); therefore, some procedures are=20 inapplicable. Suitable weather requires clear skies, no appreciable = wind, and=20 warm air and water.

8. Equipment=20
All equipment must be suited to the craft, to the water = conditions, and to=20 the individual; must be in good repair; and must satisfy all state and = U.S.=20 Coast Guard requirements. To the extent possible, carry spare = equipment. On=20 long trips or when spare equipment is not available, carry repair = materials.=20 Have appropriate rescue equipment available for immediate = use.

9. Discipline=20
All participants should know, understand, and respect the rules = and=20 procedures for safe unit activity afloat. The applicable rules should = be=20 presented and learned prior to the outing, and should be reviewed for = all=20 participants at the water's edge just before the activity begins. When = Scouts=20 know and understand the reasons for the rules, they will observe them. = When=20 fairly and impartially applied, rules do not interfere with the fun. = Rules for=20 safety, plus common sense and good judgment, keep the fun from being=20 interrupted by tragedy.

Note: For cruising vessels (excluding rowboats, canoes, kayaks, = and=20 rafts, but including sailboats and powerboats longer than 20 feet) = used in=20 adult-supervised unit activities by a chartered Venturing crew or Sea = Scout=20 ship specializing in watercraft operations or used in adult-supervised = program=20 activity in connection with any high-adventure program or other = activity under=20 the direct control of the National Council, the standards and = procedures in=20 the Sea Scout Manual may be substituted for the "Safety Afloat" = standards.

Personal = Flotation=20 Devices (PFDs)

Properly fitted U.S. Coast Guard-approved personal flotation = devices=20 (PFDs) must be worn by all persons engaged in activity on the open water = (rowing, canoeing, sailing, boardsailing, motorboating, waterskiing, = rafting,=20 tubing, and kayaking).

Only U.S. Coast Guard-approved equipment (types I, II, or III) is = acceptable=20 for use in Scouting aquatics. Ski belts are not acceptable. Scouts = and unit=20 leaders should learn which type is appropriate for each specific = circumstance=20 and how to wear and check for proper fit.

Water = Clarity

Swimming activity in turbid water should be limited to surface = swimming.=20 Turbid water exists when a 12-inch white disk at the depth of 3 feet is = not=20 visible from above the surface of the water. Underwater swimming, = headfirst=20 entry (except for racing dives), and board diving are not permitted in = turbid=20 water. Supervised instruction in lifesaving skills and surface = diving may be=20 conducted in confined areas of turbid water not exceeding 8 feet in = depth and=20 free of bottom hazards.

Snorkeling and scuba skills are taught and practiced only in clear = water.=20 Clear water exists when a 12-inch disk at a depth of 8 feet is visible = from=20 above the surface of the water.

BSA = Lifeguard

BSA Lifeguard training has been established to provide units (packs, = troops,=20 teams, crews, and ships) with qualified individuals within their own = membership=20 to give knowledgeable supervision for activities on or in the water. The = first=20 standard in the Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat guidelines = establishes a=20 need for qualified supervision. An adult currently trained as a BSA = Lifeguard or=20 an adult leader assisted by a Scout holding BSA Lifeguard training meets = this=20 requirement. To enroll in the BSA Lifeguard course, you must be at least = 14=20 years of age or have completed the eighth grade. The latest requirements = for BSA=20 Lifeguard training are included on the application form, No. 34435A. = Every unit=20 leader is encouraged to become trained or to be certain that at least = one youth=20 or adult member of the unit has such training.

Swimming = Area

Swimming areas should be large enough to avoid crowding (minimum of = 40 square=20 feet per swimmer). Note the following in accordance with Safe Swim = Defense=20 rules. Mark off the area for three groups: not more than 3.5 feet = deep for=20 nonswimmers; from shallow water to just over the head for beginners; = deep water=20 not more than 12 feet for swimmers.

Diving and = Elevated=20 Entry

"Diving" refers to any water entry where the feet are not making = first=20 contact with the water. "Elevated entry" refers to any water entry from = a height=20 more than 18 inches above the water. According to BSA Safe Swim Defense=20 standards, no diving or swimming activity of any kind is done in water = with a=20 depth greater than 12 feet.

All water entry must be feetfirst where the water has less than 7 = feet of=20 unobstructed depth. A leaping entry is recommended where water is at or = above=20 head level; a step-down or jump-down entry from a sitting position is=20 recommended for shallower water.

No diving is permitted in water with less than 7 feet of unobstructed = depth.=20 Diving is permitted in clear water over 7 feet deep from a dock, pier, = or=20 platform that is no more than 18 inches above the water surface. For = elevated=20 entry from 18 inches high but less than 40 inches above the water = surface, clear=20 and unobstructed water depth must be at least 9 feet. The water must be = clear=20 enough to enable supervisory and guard personnel to see the diver at the = deepest=20 part of the plunge.

Board diving is permitted only from boards, mounted on a fixed (not = floating)=20 platform or deck, no more than 40 inches (approximately 1 meter) above = the water=20 surface. Clear water depth below the board should be 9 to 12 feet. A = guard or=20 supervisor should be positioned where the diver can be seen at all times = beneath=20 the surface. There should be no other surface or underwater activity or=20 obstruction for at least 15 feet on either side of the board and 25 feet = in=20 front of the board. Diving should always be done straight ahead from the = board,=20 never to the sides.

Any elevated entry from a height greater than 40 inches must be = feetfirst and=20 only from a fixed platform or solid footing no more than 60 inches above = the=20 water surface. Clear water depth should be 10 to 12 feet. Other = protective=20 measures and distances are the same as for board diving.

Scuba=20 Policy

Any person possessing, displaying, or using scuba (self-contained = underwater=20 breathing apparatus) in connection with any Scouting-related activity = must=20 either be currently certified by, or enrolled in a training course = authorized by=20 the National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI), the = Professional=20 Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), or Scuba Schools International = (SSI).=20 These agencies are recognized by the Boy Scouts of America for scuba = training=20 and instruction. Alternatively, if PADI, NAUI, or SSI training and = instruction=20 is not available, certification may be accepted from other agencies that = comply=20 with Recreational Scuba Training Council (RSTC) guidelines, provided = that such=20 acceptance has been expressly approved by the BSA local council in = consultation=20 with the BSA national Health and Safety Service.

Youth members in Cub Scouting are not authorized to use scuba in any=20 activity.

The use of scuba is not authorized for BSA unit, district, or council = activity, including summer camp programs, except that registered Boy = Scout youth=20 and leaders may participate in the Scuba BSA program conducted by a = certified=20 dive instructor in compliance with this policy. Scuba BSA is not a diver = certification program.

=20

Scuba training programs may be a part of Varsity or Venturing = activities for=20 participants who are 14 years of ago or older. Members who meet the age=20 requirement and are properly certified may participate in group dives = under the=20 supervision of a responsible adult who is currently certified as a dive = master,=20 assistant instructor, or any higher rating from NAUI, PADI, or SSI. = Student=20 divers must be under the supervision of a currently certified NAUI, = PADI, or SSI=20 instructor. No exceptions to the BSA age requirement are permitted. = Scouts and=20 Venturers with a junior diver certification may dive only when = accompanied by a=20 buddy who is a certified open-water diver at least 18 years old.

Because of lack of frequency of diving by most sports divers, it is = important=20 that any certified divers be screened and evaluated by a certified = diving=20 instructor before participating in BSA-related activities. The skills to = be=20 evaluated include the following:

  1. Use of buoyancy control device=20
  2. Giant stride entry=20
  3. Removal and replacement of weight belt=20
  4. Neutral buoyancy=20
  5. Snorkel to regulator exchange=20
  6. Removal and replacement of scuba unit under the water=20
  7. Face mask removal, replacement, and clearing=20
  8. Emergency swimming ascent=20
  9. Alternate air source ascent=20
  10. Predive safety drill=20
  11. Five-point ascent and descent=20
  12. Deepwater exits=20
  13. Simulation of surface procedures

Persons with symptomatic or active asthma/reactive airway disease = (commonly=20 known as RAD) should not be allowed to scuba dive. This would include, = at a=20 minimum, anyone who:

  1. Is currently taking medication for asthma/RAD=20
  2. Has received treatment for bronchospasm in the past five years=20
  3. Has exercise-induced bronchospasm=20
  4. Has cold-induced bronchospasm

Persons with asymptomatic asthma/RAD who wish to scuba dive should be = referred to a pulmonary medical specialist who is also knowledgeable = about=20 diving medicine for a complete medical examination, including exercise = and=20 bronchial challenge testing. Any determination of fitness for diving = must be=20 made on the basis of such examination and specific testing.

Scuba equipment may be used by trained summer camp aquatics program = personnel=20 for installation and maintenance of waterfront equipment, or for search = and=20 recovery operations. Search and recovery could include lost equipment, = as well=20 as rescue efforts.

BSA employees whose position descriptions require or anticipate scuba = use=20 should be certified by PADI, NAUI, or SSI as instructors, assistant = instructors,=20 or dive masters, consistent with their duties and responsibilities. When = scuba=20 diving is to be taught in connection with any local council program, = local=20 PADI-, or NAUI-, or SSI- certified instructors should provide the = instruction on=20 a contract basis. Such instructors should have dive store or other = commercial=20 affiliation that provides liability coverage. Direct employment of scuba = instructors is not recommended.

Local council programs may not compress or sell air for scuba use or = sell,=20 rent, or loan scuba equipment to anyone for any purpose. All air and = equipment=20 for local council program use must be obtained from properly licensed = sources,=20 unaffiliated with the Boy Scouts of America, and under the supervision = of PADI-,=20 NAUI-, or SSI- certified instructors.

Established and preexisting local council programs may request = special=20 authorization through the national BSA Health and Safety Service for = exceptions=20 to this policy. Determinations with respect to such authorization will = be based=20 upon independent evaluation of each local program, confirmed in writing, = and=20 subject to periodic reevaluation.

So called "hard-hat diving" or any diving using surface-supplied air = systems=20 is unauthorized in connection with any BSA activity or facility except = when done=20 under contract by commercial divers.

Snorkeling

The Snorkeling, BSA requirements introduce Scout-age children and = adult=20 leaders to the special skills, equipment, and safety precautions = associated with=20 snorkeling; encourage the development of aquatics skills that promote = fitness=20 and recreation; and provide a foundation for those who later will = participate in=20 more advanced underwater activity.

Snorkeling Safety is the recommended procedure for conducting BSA = swimming=20 activities using masks, fins, and snorkels. Since snorkeling is a = swimming=20 activity, Safe Swim Defense guidelines are applicable. Snorkeling Safety = clarifies and extends Safe Swim Defense concepts to situations = encountered=20 during training and open water snorkeling.

Snorkeling, BSA

Counselors. Any adult trained and assigned by a currently = certified=20 Aquatics Instructor, BSA may serve as a counselor for the Snorkeling, = BSA award.=20 A person certified to conduct snorkeling instruction by the Professional = Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), or the National Association of = Underwater Instructors (NAUI), or other BSA recognized agency, also = qualifies as=20 a Snorkeling, BSA counselor.

Programming. Instruction must be conducted in clear, confined = water=20 with a maximum depth of 12 feet. A swimming pool is recommended. = Snorkeling, BSA=20 is ideally suited to winter programs using indoor pools. Three 45-minute = sessions are recommended for instruction, practice, and completion of=20 requirements.

Snorkeling Safety

1. Qualified Supervision=20
All swimming activity, including snorkeling, must be supervised by = a=20 mature and conscientious adult age 21 or older who understands and = knowingly=20 accepts responsibility for the well-being and safety of the youth = members in=20 his or her care; who is experienced in the water and is confident of = his or=20 her ability to respond in the event of an emergency; and who is = trained in and=20 committed to compliance with the eight points of BSA Safe Swim = Defense.

An experienced snorkeler must supervise snorkeling instruction and = open=20 water snorkeling activities. At a minimum, the supervisor must possess = skills=20 and knowledge matching the Snorkeling, BSA award, and have experience = with=20 environments similar to those of the planned activity. The supervisor = is=20 responsible for compliance with each point of BSA Snorkeling = Safety.

Unit leaders may rely on the expertise of other adults to = supplement their=20 knowledge and training. They may delegate the task of supervision, for = example, when the unit is participating in a snorkeling activity = conducted by=20 a tour operator, provided they are satisfied that the operator's = training and=20 experience will provide a safe activity with appropriate=20 safeguards.

2. Physical Fitness=20
All persons must present evidence of fitness for snorkeling = activity with=20 a complete health history from physician, parent, or legal guardian. = The adult=20 supervisor should adjust all supervision, discipline, and protection = to=20 anticipate any potential risks associated with individual health = conditions.=20 Recent sinus or ear infections may temporarily preclude surface dives = while=20 snorkeling. Those with known adverse reactions to stings from marine = life, or=20 with chronic conditions such as diabetes or asthma, may need special=20 medications at hand. Adults with known risk factors for cardiovascular = disease=20 should not undertake strenuous activities without the advice of their=20 physician. In the event of any significant health conditions, a = medical=20 evaluation by a physician should be required by the adult leader. = Those with=20 chronic disease or physical disabilities may still be able to enjoy = and=20 benefit from aquatics if the conditions are known and necessary = precautions=20 are taken.

3. Safe Area=20
Training in the use of snorkeling equipment shall be performed in = clear=20 water in a confined area that conforms to Safe Swim Defense = guidelines. 'Clear=20 water' implies pool-like visibility. At a minimum, an 8-inch disk with = white=20 and black quadrants at a depth of eight feet should be recognizable = from above=20 the surface. 'Confined area' denotes either a pool or an established = summer=20 camp swimming area with direct access from the shore or a dock.

Safe conditions for open water swimming and snorkeling depend on = water=20 clarity, area definition, depth, access, and other environmental = factors.=20 Snorkeling is limited to clear water. 'Open water' denotes a temporary = swimming area of flexible extent in a natural body of water that may = not be=20 close to shore.

An open water snorkeling area need not have physical boundary = markers, but=20 the activity should be restricted within a specified distance of a = point on=20 shore, an anchored vessel, a moving guard boat, or a float with a dive = flag=20 attached. Generally, a 50-foot radius is recommended, and may be = dictated by=20 local regulations concerning the use of a dive flag. The area covered = by the=20 snorkeling group should be small enough to allow rapid assistance from = rescue=20 personnel.

Emergency response places limitations on safe water depth as well = as water=20 clarity and area. Guards should be able to quickly and easily reach = the=20 bottom, locate, recover, and transport a submerged victim to shore or = vessel.=20 At the start of the activity, and periodically if the group moves = along a reef=20 or other feature, the guards should check their ability both to see = and to=20 reach the bottom. The group should be directed towards shallower water = whenever the guards experience any difficulty. (Twelve feet is = designated as a=20 reasonable maximum depth in Safe Swim Defense. In practice, slightly = shallower=20 or deeper depths may be appropriate. Different guard personnel will be = able to=20 easily recover objects from different depths, particularly if wearing = fins.=20 The practical way to confirm a safe depth is to test that the bottom = is within=20 comfortable reach of all designated rescue personnel.)

Limited or distant access to the snorkeling area may require = additional=20 consideration. Underwater features close to a sloping beach or near an = anchored vessel are ideal. If the snorkeling site is a considerable = distance=20 from a beach or permitted anchoring location, the ability to rest = becomes=20 important and may restrict the activity close to shallow water or = dictate the=20 use of inflatable vests and/or small guard craft. Tide tables should = be=20 consulted in areas with large tidal changes, especially when beach = access is=20 at the base of a cliff. Snorkeling in a river may require an exit = point=20 downstream of the entry.

Snorkeling should not be done if water depth, clarity, or = temperature, boat=20 traffic, waves, current, weather, marine life, or bottom conditions, = including=20 vegetation, are deemed unsafe by the qualified supervisor. Time in the = water=20 should be adjusted based on water temperature and sun exposure. = Snorkeling at=20 night is limited to lighted pools unless the activity is conducted at = a BSA=20 nationally accredited high-adventure base.

4. Proper Equipment=20
  1. All snorkeling equipment shall be properly fitted and in good = repair.=20

  2. The use of inflatable snorkeling vests and personal flotation = devices is=20 at the discretion of the qualified supervisor based on local = conditions and=20 the abilities of the participants and guards. Use of individual = flotation=20 devices is required in open water whenever there is a noticeable = current or=20 swells, when the bottom is not visible from the surface (due to = vegetation=20 or limited visibility beyond 8 feet), or when the activity is an = extended=20 distance (> 50 yards) from shore or craft.=20

  3. A dive flag should be used at all open water sites. It may be = displayed=20 from a dive boat or attached to a float and towed with the = snorkeling party.=20 Local rules and regulations may specify the type of flag and how = close=20 snorkelers must stay to it.=20

  4. Protective clothing may be worn. Gloves are appropriate in areas = with=20 sharp rocks or encrusted structures. A shirt or a diver's body suit = will=20 provide limited protection from sun, abrasion, or coral burns and = minor=20 insulation in warm water. In temperate water, a partial or full wet = suit may=20 be worn. Weight belts may not be used.=20

  5. Lifesaving equipment in good repair shall be ready for immediate = use by=20 guard personnel. A flotation device is recommended, such as a rescue = tube,=20 bodyboard, or PFD, supplemented, as appropriate, by reaching and = throwing=20 devices, and small craft. Dive boats should be equipped with radios = and=20 first aid kits, and should deploy a safety line.

5. Qualified Lookout=20
It is the responsibility of the qualified supervisor to designate=20 personnel for emergency response whenever lifeguards are not provided = by a=20 facility or tour operator. The snorkeling party should be divided into = groups=20 of 2 to 8 swimmers with two guards, paired as buddies, assigned to = each group.=20 (Units may be divided by patrols or crews.) The guards should be = competent=20 swimmers with basic water rescue skills. Emergency procedures, = including=20 entries, exits, and the role of everyone in the group, should be = reviewed and=20 practiced prior to the activity using rescue aids at the site. The = guards=20 should be stationed either afloat or ashore where they can see and = hear all=20 those in their group. To improve visibility, the guards and the = swimmers=20 should be positioned so that they do not face into the sun. Snorkelers = in a=20 group should remain off the same side of a vessel. Inflatable or rigid = dinghies with oars are appropriate guard craft. The guards and = snorkelers=20 should remain close enough for rapid rescue response, generally within = 50 feet=20 of one another. In some situations, the qualified supervisor may deem = it=20 appropriate for the guards to tow rescue aids while accompanying their = group=20 in the water.

Guards are responsible for surveillance as well as rescue. If there = is more=20 than one group, then a separate lookout, who may be the qualified = supervisor,=20 should coordinate the entire activity and monitor changing conditions. = The=20 lookout should have audible or visible means, such as an air horn or = flag, to=20 recall all groups. If a boat is used to transport snorkelers to the = site, then=20 at least one person should remain aboard who knows how to drive the = boat and=20 use the radio. At least one person in the party must be trained in = CPR.

It is the combined responsibility of the adult supervisor, the = lookout, and=20 the guards to know the number of people in the water at all times and = to make=20 frequent visible confirmations of that number. Buddy boards and tags, = or their=20 equivalent, must be used to account for everyone in the = water.

6. Ability=20
Scouts classified as beginners or nonswimmers may use snorkeling = equipment=20 in clear, confined water of appropriate depth, as specified in Safe = Swim=20 Defense (points 3 and 6), during instructional swims or during=20 closely-supervised recreational activity. Training for the Snorkeling = BSA=20 award is limited to Scouts and adults classified as swimmers. Only = those who=20 have completed the Snorkeling BSA requirements may participate in open = water=20 snorkeling.

7. Buddy System=20
All participants in snorkeling activities are paired as buddies. = Buddies=20 should check each other's equipment prior to the activity and review = hand=20 signals. During the activity, they should remain close enough that = they are=20 constantly aware of their buddy location and condition. Generally, = buddies=20 should take turns making breath-holding dives. That is, one buddy = remains at=20 the surface, floating with his mask in the water while breathing = through the=20 snorkel, and keeps an eye on the buddy who is down. When the diver = surfaces,=20 both buddies check their position relative to the group before moving = on or=20 letting the other buddy dive.

The adult supervisor, lookout, or guards may call buddy checks as = needed to=20 keep the buddies together. Buddy checks may also be called to aid=20 communication. Buddy pairs should be instructed to routinely watch for = pre-determined audible and visual signals of a buddy = check.

8. Discipline=20
Be sure everyone understands and agrees that snorkeling is allowed = only=20 with proper supervision and use of the complete Safe Swim Defense and = BSA=20 Snorkeling Safety standards. The applicable rules should be presented = and=20 learned prior to the outing, and should be reviewed for all = participants at=20 the beginning of the snorkeling activity. Scouts should respect and = follow all=20 directions and rules of the adult supervisor. When people know the = reasons for=20 rules and procedures they are more likely to follow them. Treatment = should be=20 strict and fair, with no favoritism.

Kayaking

Kayaking activities are limited to Boy Scouts, Varsity Scouts, and = Venturers.=20 Additional kayaking information may be found in the Kayaking BSA=20 pamphlet, No. 19-510, the Fieldbook, No. 33200; the = Whitewater=20 merit badge pamphlet, 33405A; and Varsity Team Program Features, = Volume=20 III, No. 34839.

Kayaking BSA

Kayaking BSA provides an introduction to kayaking skills and safety=20 procedures and serves as a program opportunity for Boy Scout, Varsity, = and=20 Venturing units in camp or out. Mastery of Kayaking BSA skills is a = first=20 critical step towards satisfying Safety Afloat guidelines for safe kayak = excursions.

Kayaking Safety

  1. Qualified supervision.
    All kayaking activities must be = supervised=20 by a mature and conscientious adult who understands and knowingly = accepts=20 responsibility for the well-being and safety of the youth and who is=20 experienced with the type of kayaks and activity under consideration. = One=20 adult supervisor is required for every 10 participants, with a minimum = of two=20 for any one group. All supervisors must complete Safety Afloat and = Safe Swim=20 Defense training, and at least one must be trained in cardiopulmonary=20 resusitation (CPR).=20

  2. Physical fitness.
    Evidence of fitness for swimming activity = is=20 required in the form of a complete health history from a physician, = parent, or=20 guardian. The supervisor must know the physical condition of all = participants=20 and must adjust activities to avoid any potential risks associated = with=20 individual health concerns.=20

  3. Swimming ability.
    Every participant must be classified as a = "swimmer" to participate in training for Kayaking BSA or to paddle a = solo=20 kayak at a Scouting function.=20

  4. Personal flotation equipment.
    Properly fitted U.S. Coast=20 Guard-approved personal flotation devices (PFDs) must be worn by all = persons=20 engaged in kayaking.=20

  5. Buddy system.
    Scouts never go on the water alone. Every = person must=20 have a buddy, and every craft on the water must have a "buddy boat."=20

  6. Skill proficiency.
    All persons participating in activity = afloat=20 must be trained and practiced in craft-handling skills, safety, and = emergency=20 procedures. Kayaking BSA prepares Scouts and unit leaders for kayaking = on flat=20 water of a limited extent, such as that at a camp waterfront. Kayak = trips=20 require additional training in emergency equipment and communication. = Ocean=20 and river trips require additional kayaking skills for dealing with = waves and=20 moving water and the ability to "read" the environment. Units should = not=20 undertake excursions on class II whitewater before mastering the = necessary=20 skills on class I rivers.=20

  7. Planning.
    Before Scouts go afloat, they develop a float = plan=20 detailing their route, time schedule, and contingency plans. The float = plan=20 considers all possible water and weather conditions and all applicable = rules=20 or regulations, and is shared with all who have an interest.=20

  8. Equipment.
    All equipment must be suited to the craft, to = the water=20 conditions, and to the individual. Equipment must be in good repair = and meet=20 all applicable standards. Appropriate rescue equipment must be = available.=20 Whitewater kayaking requires the use of safety helmets. During treks, = safety=20 gear such as navigation aids, weather radios, individual signal = devices, throw=20 bags, first aid kits, spare paddles, and spare clothing should be = carried in=20 the kayaks or in support craft.=20

  9. Discipline.
    Scouts must know and respect the rules, and = always=20 follow directions from the adults supervising the activity afloat. = Rules and=20 safety procedures should be reviewed before each group launch. =

Waterskiing

Safe waterskiing starts with safe equipment; a thorough knowledge of=20 techniques; competent instruction; an efficient, careful towboat = operator; and a=20 conscientious observer. A life jacket is a must for all water-skiers. = Skis=20 should be in good shape and free from sharp or protruding edges. The = boat=20 operator should be driving solely for the benefit, satisfaction, and = safety of=20 the skier. The boat and skier should stay away from docks, swimmers, = boaters,=20 people who are fishing, and other objects.

The Water-Skier's Safety Code and Boat Driver's Safety Code are found = in the=20 Waterskiing merit badge pamphlet. These are guidelines to be followed by = all=20 those involved in the sport of waterskiing.

Waterskiing activities are limited to Boy Scouts, Varsity Scouts, and = Venturers.

Reference: Waterskiing merit badge pamphlet, No. = 33348A

Boardsailing

The BSA boardsailing program has been developed to introduce = Scout-age=20 children to basic boardsailing skills, equipment, and safety = precautions, to=20 encourage development of skills that promote fitness and safe aquatics=20 recreation, and to lay a skill and knowledge foundation for those who = will later=20 participate in more advanced and demanding activities on the water.

Any person recognized and certified as an instructor by Windsurfer=20 International or the U.S. Board Sailing Association may serve as a = counselor for=20 the Boardsailing Award with the approval of the local council service = center.=20 Any person trained and experienced in boardsailing skills and safety may = serve=20 as a counselor for this award in a Scout summer camp program under the = direction=20 and supervision of a currently trained BSA Aquatics Instructor.

Instruction in recreational activity must be conducted according to = the BSA=20 guidelines for boardsailing. The Boardsailing Award is now available for = inclusion in Scouting programs.

Reference: Boardsailing BSA Award Application, = No.=20 19-935

Whitewater = Safety=20 Code

The American Whitewater Affiliation (AWA) Safety Code includes ten=20 recommendations for river safety:

=20
  1. Be a competent swimmer.=20

  2. Wear a PFD.=20

  3. Keep your canoe or raft under control, always!=20

  4. Be aware of river hazards and avoid them.=20

  5. Boating alone is not recommended; preferred minimum is three to a = craft.=20

  6. Be suitably equipped.=20
    1. Wear shoes (tennis shoes or special canoeing shoes are best).=20
    2. Tie your glasses on.=20
    3. Carry a knife and waterproof matches (also compass and map).=20
    4. Don't wear bulky clothing that will waterlog.=20
    5. Wear a crash helmet where upsets are likely.=20
    6. Carry an extra paddle and canoe-repair tape.=20
    7. Open canoes should have bow and stern lines (painters) securely=20 attached. Use at least 15 feet of 1/4 or 3/8=D0inch rope. Secure = them to the=20 canoe so that they are readily available but will not entangle feet = and legs=20 in case of a spill.

  7. Swim on your back in fast water, keeping your feet and legs = downstream and=20 high. Keep watching ahead.=20

  8. When you start to spill, keep the upstream gunwale high.=20

  9. If you do spill, hang on to your canoe and get to the upstream = end. (Note:=20 If you are heading into rough rapids and quick rescue is not expected, = or if=20 water is numbing cold, then swim for shore or a rock where you can = climb out=20 of the water.)=20

  10. When you are with a group:=20
    1. Organize the group to even out canoeing ability=20
    2. Keep the group compact for mutual support.=20
    3. Don't crowd rapids! Let each canoe complete the run before the = next=20 canoe enters.=20
    4. Each canoe is responsible for the canoe immediately behind=20 it.

3D"III.

Age=20 Guidelines

The Boy Scouts of America has established the following guidelines = for its=20 members' participation in camping activities:

  • Overnight camping by Tiger, Wolf, and Bear Cub Scout dens as dens = is not=20 approved and certificates of liability insurance will not be provided = by the=20 Boy Scouts of America.=20

  • Tiger Cubs may participate in boy-parent excursions, day camps, = pack=20 overnighters, or council-organized family camping.=20

  • Wolf and Bear Cub Scouts and Webelos Scouts may participate in a = resident=20 overnight camping program operating under BSA National Camp = School=96trained=20 leadership and managed by the council.=20

  • A Webelos Scout may participate in overnight den camping when = supervised=20 by his parent or guardian. It is essential that each Webelos Scout be = under=20 the supervision of an adult. Joint Webelos den=96troop campouts = including the=20 parents of the Webelos Scouts are encouraged to strengthen ties = between the=20 pack and troop. Den leaders, pack leaders, and parents are expected to = accompany the boys on approved trips.=20

  • All Scouts registered in Boy Scout troops are eligible to = participate in=20 troop or patrol overnight campouts, camporees, and resident camps.=20

  • Boy Scouts and Varsity Scouts 12 through 17 are eligible to = participate in=20 national jamborees. Boy Scouts and Varsity Scouts 13 through 17 are = also=20 eligible to participate in world jamborees and high-adventure = programs.=20

  • All youth registered in Venturing are eligible to participate in = crew,=20 district, council, and national Venturing activities as well as = national=20 high-adventure programs and world jamborees. Venturers are eligible to = participate in Boy Scout resident camp, but they must be = multiple-registered=20 with a Boy Scout troop and attending with the troop.

If a well-meaning leader brings along a child who does not meet these = age=20 guidelines, disservice is done to the unit because of distractions often = caused=20 by younger children. A disservice is also done to the child, who is not = trained=20 to participate in such an activity and who, as a nonmember of the group, = may be=20 ignored by the older campers.

Family=20 Camping

=20

Family camping: an outdoor camping experience, other than resident = camping, that involves Cub Scouting, Boy Scouting, or Venturing program = elements=20 in overnight settings with two or more family members, including at = least one=20 BSA member of that family. Parents are responsible for the supervision = of their=20 children, and Youth Protection guidelines apply.

Recreational family = camping

Recreational family camping: when Scouting families camp as a = family unit=20 outside of an organized program. It is a nonstructured camping = experience, but=20 is conducted within a Scouting framework on local council-owned or = -managed=20 property. Local councils may have family camping grounds available = for=20 rental at reasonable rates. Other resources may include equipment, = information,=20 and training.

Cub Scout Overnight=20 Opportunities

Cub Scouts may experience overnight activities in venues other = than=20 accredited resident camping. There are two categories of Cub Scout=20 overnighters:

Council-Organized Family = Camp

Council-organized family camps are overnight events involving more = than=20 one pack. The local council provides all of the elements of the outdoor=20 experience, such as staffing, food service, housing, and program. These = are=20 often referred to as Parent/Pal or Adventure weekends. Council-organized = family=20 camps should be conducted by trained leaders at sites approved by the = local=20 council. In most cases, the youth member will be under the supervision = of a=20 parent or guardian. In all cases, each youth participant is responsible = to a=20 specific adult.

Overnight activities involving more than one pack must be approved by = the=20 council. Council-organized family camps must be conducted in accordance = with=20 established standards as given in National Standards for = Council-Organized=20 Family Camping, No. 13-408.

Pack Overnighters

These are pack-organized overnight events involving more than one = family=20 from a single pack, focused on age-appropriate Cub Scout activities and=20 conducted at council-approved locations (councils use Site Approval = Standards,=20 No. 13-508). If nonmembers (siblings) participate, the event must be = structured=20 accordingly to accommodate them. BSA health and safety and youth = protection=20 guidelines apply. In most cases, each youth member will be under the = supervision of a parent or guardian. In all cases, each youth = participant is=20 responsible to a specific adult.

At least one adult on a pack overnighter must have completed Basic = Adult=20 Leader Outdoor Orientation (BALOO, No. 34162A) to properly understand = the=20 importance of program intent, youth protection guidelines, health and = safety,=20 site selection, age-appropriate activities, and sufficient adult = participation.=20 Permits for campouts shall be issued locally. Packs use Local Tour = Permit=20 Application, No. 34426B.

Wilderness=20 Camping

Anything can happen in the wild outdoors, and you should take = measures=20 designed to prevent accidents and injuries from occurring. Ask the = question:=20 "What would happen if ________ occurred?" Once you have identified = possible=20 problems, devise a plan to minimize the risks and to manage a crisis if = one=20 occurs. Involve the entire crew in this process so that everyone becomes = aware=20 of potential dangers and how to avoid them.

Obviously, the best way to stay safe in the wilderness is to not get = into=20 trouble in the first place. This requires planning, leadership, and good = judgment. To help be prepared for the challenges of a wilderness trek = and=20 camping experience, read Passport to High Adventure, No. = 4310.

Trail = Safety

Alertness and care in all that is done on the trail and performing = within the=20 group's known capabilities are among the best preventive measures = against=20 accidents. Most common outdoor injuries are blisters, cuts, sprains, = strains,=20 bruises, and fractures. Hikers also may become lost or get caught in = storms, and=20 they often panic as a result. Avoidable tragedies may occur if campers = and=20 leaders lack the skills and knowledge to deal with the problems = encountered.=20 Leaders must alert youth members to the dangers of unusual environment = with=20 proper instructions on fire safety, orienteering, and safe = travel.

=20

Leaders must instruct those in their groups to stay together = on=20 well-established trails, avoid loose rocks (especially on descent), and = avoid=20 dangerous ledges, cliffs, and areas where a fall might occur. Accidents = can=20 occur when hikers kick and roll boulders down steep hills. Wilderness = trails=20 have no caution signs for loose rocks, nor do they have guardrails on=20 cliffs.

It is strongly recommended that at least one person in the group be = currently=20 certified in first aid through the American Red Cross or any recognized=20 agency.

Trail safety is a matter of common sense. The response of individual = members=20 of a group in doing the right thing is important. When they understand = the=20 reason for rules of safety, they obey them more willingly.

The Boy Scouts of America has an abundance of literature related to = proper=20 procedures and guidelines for a group on a trail.

References: Boy Scout Handbook; Backpacking, = Camping, and=20 Hiking merit badge pamphlets; Cub Scout Leader Book; = Scoutmaster=20 Handbook; Fieldbook

Trek Safely

Each of the following elements plays an important role in the overall = Trek=20 Safely procedure. Fun and safe overnight trekking activities require = compliance=20 with Trek Safely by both adult and youth leaders.

1. Qualified Supervision=20
All backcountry treks must be supervised by a mature, = conscientious adult=20 at least 21 years of age who understands the potential risks = associated with=20 the trek. This person knowingly accepts responsibility for the = well-being and=20 safety of the youth in his or her care. This adult supervisor is = trained in=20 and committed to compliance with the seven points of the BSA's Trek = Safely=20 procedure. One additional adult who is at least 18 years of age must = also=20 accompany the unit.

The lead adult is responsible for ensuring that someone in the = group is=20 currently trained in first aid appropriate to the type of trek and the = environment. American Red Cross Wilderness First Aid Basic (a 16-hour = course)=20 and CPR are recommended. A signed parental informed consent form for = each=20 participant under 18 years of age may be used for adventurous = activities such=20 as whitewater, climbing, and horse packing treks.

2. Keep Fit=20
Require evidence of fitness with a current BSA Personal Health and = Medical=20 Record=97Class III form, No. 34412A. A regular fitness regimen is = recommended=20 for trek participants. They are urged to start slowly, gradually = increasing=20 the duration and intensity of their exercise. The adult leader should = adjust=20 supervision, protection, and planning to anticipate potential risks = associated=20 with individual health conditions. Neither youth nor adults should = participate=20 in a trek or activity for which they are not physically prepared. See=20 Passport to High Adventure, No. 4310.

3. Plan Ahead=20
Planning a trek includes filing a tour permit application with the = local=20 council service center at least a month before the departure date. If = travel=20 of more than 500 miles is planned, submit the National Tour Permit=20 Application, No. 4419B. For activities off the local council property = and=20 within 500 miles of home base, submit the Local Tour Permit = Application, No.=20 34426B.

The trek should match the maturity, skill level, and fitness of = unit=20 members. A youth or adult leader must secure land-use permits to use = public=20 land or written permission from the owner to cross or use private = land. It is=20 also crucial to learn about any requirements and recommendations from = the=20 local land manager. Find out about the terrain, elevation ranges, = trails,=20 wildlife, campsites, typical weather conditions, and environmental = issues for=20 the period of the trek.

Training in Leave No Trace using the Principles of Leave No = Trace,=20 No. 21-105, and the Leave No Trace Training Outline, No. = 20-113, is=20 crucial. Units should anticipate a range of weather conditions and=20 temperatures and develop an alternate itinerary in the event that = adverse=20 conditions develop.

4. Gear Up=20
Procure topographic maps, as well as current trail maps, for the = area of=20 the trek. Take equipment and clothing that is appropriate for the = weather and=20 unit skill level, is in good condition, and is properly sized for each = participant. A qualified youth or adult leader ensures that = participants are=20 trained in the proper use of specialized equipment, particularly items = with=20 which they are not familiar, such as climbing ropes, ice axes, = crampons,=20 watercraft, bridles, saddles, and cross-country skis and poles. A = shakedown=20 must be conducted to be sure each person has the right equipment = without=20 taking too much.

Crew equipment includes a first-aid kit stocked with current = medications=20 and supplies. The leader reminds youth and adults to bring and take = prescribed=20 medications. Every crew must have the means to treat water for = drinking by=20 boiling it, treating it with chemicals, or using an approved water = filter.=20 When ultraviolet light (sunlight) is prevalent, it is critical that=20 participants have adequate sun protection, including broad-brimmed = hats,=20 sunglasses, and sunscreen.

5. Communicate Clearly and Completely=20
Communication is one of the keys to a safe outdoor adventure, and = staying=20 in touch with home base is the first step. A youth or adult leader = should=20 complete a trip plan and share these details of the trek=97including = time of=20 departure, overnight stops, the time of expected return, the trailhead = (where=20 vehicles will be parked) and the itinerary and alternate = itinerary=97with a=20 contact person in the home area. At any time the itinerary changes, = one of the=20 leaders relays the changes to the contact person, who in turn relays = them to=20 the Scouts' parents. A plan for communicating with each parent is = developed=20 before the trek.

A means of electronic communication=97with backup power=97may be = helpful should=20 an emergency occur. The leader should carry the telephone numbers or = contact=20 information of medical and emergency services in the area of the trek. = Before=20 calling for emergency assistance, the exact location and nature of the = patient's injury or illness should be determined.

Youth and adult leaders are responsible for making sure that = everyone knows=20 what to expect and what is expected of them. Leaders should = communicate with=20 each other, as well as with the entire crew, to avoid unpleasant=20 surprises.

6. Monitor Conditions=20
The leaders are responsible for making good decisions during the = trek,=20 conservatively estimating the capabilities and stamina of the group. = If=20 adverse conditions develop, the group is prepared to stop or turn = back. The=20 unit is responsible for monitoring weather conditions and forecasts = before and=20 during the trek=97a small National Oceanographic and Atmospheric = Administration=20 (NOAA) radio is helpful for learning current weather forecasts. = Leaders=20 continually assess conditions, including weather, terrain, group = morale, food=20 and water supplies, group physical condition, and other factors to = determine=20 the difference between what is difficult and what is dangerous. = Dangerous=20 conditions are avoided.

7. Discipline=20
Each participant knows, understands, and respects the rules and = procedures=20 for safe trekking and has been oriented in Trek Safely. Applicable = rules=20 should be presented and learned prior to the outing and should be = reviewed=20 with participants before the trek begins. When participants know the = reasons=20 for rules and procedures, they are more likely to follow them. Adult = and youth=20 leaders must be strict and fair, showing no favoritism.

Beware of=20 Lightning

The summits of mountains, crests of ridges, slopes above timberline, = and=20 large meadows are extremely hazardous places to be during lightning = storms. If=20 you are caught in such an exposed place, quickly descend to a lower = elevation,=20 away from the direction of the approaching storm, and squat down, = keeping your=20 head low. A dense forest located in a depression provides the best = protection.=20 Avoid taking shelter under isolated trees or trees much taller than = adjacent=20 trees. Stay away from water, metal objects, and other substances that = will=20 conduct electricity long distances.

By squatting with your feet close together, you have minimal contact = with the=20 ground, thus reducing danger from ground currents. If the threat of = lightning=20 strikes is great, your group should not huddle together but spread out = at least=20 15 feet apart. If one member of your group is jolted, the rest of you = can tend=20 to him. Whenever lightning is nearby, take off backpacks with either = external or=20 internal metal frames. In tents, stay at least a few inches from metal = tent=20 poles.

Lightning Safety = Rules

  • Stay away from open doors and windows, fireplaces, radiators, = stoves,=20 metal pipes, sinks, and plug-in electrical appliances.=20
  • Don't use hair dryers, electric toothbrushes, or electric razors.=20
  • Don't use the telephone; lightning may strike telephone wires = outside.=20 Don't take laundry off the clothesline.=20
  • Don't work on fences, telephone lines, power lines, pipelines, or=20 structural steel fabrications.=20
  • Don't handle flammable materials in open containers.=20
  • Don't use metal objects, such as fishing rods and golf clubs. = Golfers=20 wearing cleated shoes are particularly good lightning rods.=20
  • Stop tractor work, especially when the tractor is pulling metal = equipment,=20 and dismount. Tractors and other implements in metallic contact with = the=20 ground are often struck by lightning.=20
  • Get out of the water and off small boats.=20
  • Stay in the car if you are traveling. Automobiles offer excellent=20 lightning protection.=20
  • When no shelter is available, avoid the highest object in the = area. If=20 only isolated trees are nearby, the best protection is to crouch in = the open,=20 keeping twice as far away from isolated trees as the trees are high.=20
  • Avoid hilltops, open spaces, wire fences, metal clotheslines, = exposed=20 sheds, and any electrically conducted elevated objects.

Pure = Drinking=20 Water

A constant supply of pure drinking water is essential. Serious = illness can=20 result from drinking unpurified water. Protect your health. Don't take a = chance=20 on using water that you are not sure of. Thermos jugs, plastic water = containers,=20 and canteens are all satisfactory for carrying water. Be sure water is = dispensed=20 into each person's own drinking cup.

Treatment of Questionable=20 Water

In addition to having a bad odor or taste, water from questionable = sources=20 may be contaminated by microorganisms, such as Giardia, that can cause a = variety=20 of diseases. All water of uncertain purity should be purified before = use. Don't=20 take a chance on using water that you are not sure of. To purify water, = follow=20 these steps:

  1. Filter the water to remove as many solids as possible.=20
  2. Bring it to a rolling boil and boil it for a full minute.=20
  3. Let it cool at least 30 minutes.=20
  4. Add eight drops of liquid chlorine bleach per gallon of cool = water. (Use=20 common household bleach; 5.25 percent sodium hypochlorite should be = the only=20 active ingredient; there should not be any added soap or fragrances). = Water=20 must be cool or chlorine will dissipate and be rendered useless.=20
  5. Let the water stand 30 minutes.=20
  6. If it smells of chlorine, you can use it. If it does not smell of=20 chlorine, add eight more drops of bleach and let it stand another 30 = minutes.=20 Smell it again. You can use it if it smells of chlorine. If it = doesn't,=20 discard it and find another water source.=20
  7. The only accepted measurement of chlorine (or water treatment = agents) is=20 the drop. A drop is specifically measurable. Other measures such as = "capful"=20 or "scant teaspoon" are not uniformly measurable and should not be = used.=20

In addition to common household bleach, several other types of = chemical means=20 to disinfect water are available, such as iodine tables, iodide = crystals, and=20 halazone tablets. All of these are acceptable, but some people have an = allergic=20 reaction to iodine products. Follow the instructions on the package for = proper=20 use.

To treat cold water you must lengthen the contact (sitting) time = depending on=20 the water temperature to destroy Giardia that may be present. = Very cold=20 water may take as long as four times the normal contact time.

Several types of water purification filters are available at camp = stores. The=20 Boy Scouts of America recommends that if you use a water filter, you = also=20 chemically treat and/or boil the water and carry extra filter cartridges = and=20 spare parts. Among the best water filters are PUR, MSR, Katadyn, First = Need, and=20 Sweet Water

BSA = Property=20 Smart

=20

Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, and Venturers are often privileged to use the = land=20 and property of others for hiking, camping, and other activities. This = privilege=20 carries important responsibilities regarding care, courtesy and = cleanliness.

Carelessness is regrettable and must be avoided at all times. On the = other=20 hand, deliberate vandalism is a criminal act and is forbidden. Every = Scout and=20 Scouter has an obligation to do his or her best to care for and protect = every=20 property that he or she visits.

All youth and leaders should follow these guidelines:

  1. Every group that plans to use a site must obtain permission from = the owner=20 before entering the land. The best plan is for one or two of the = leaders to=20 visit the owner several weeks before the trip to get permission; if = this is=20 not possible, the owner should be contacted by letter or telephone.

    If there is any uncertainty about permission (for instance, = permission has=20 been granted in the past, but you received no response to your recent=20 request), check in when you arrive for the trip. In this case, one or = two=20 members of the group should find the owner while other members wait. = Don't=20 assume that permission is automatic and begin unloading equipment. If = you find=20 that the owner is not available and you don't have prior permission, = you must=20 go elsewhere.=20

  2. Many camp and activity sites, such as those found in state parks, = national=20 forests, and national parks, are owned by government entities or=20 municipalities. Many of these have strict access policies and/or = permits that=20 need to be secured in advance. Be sure to follow the rules, which can = be=20 explained by a property official or ranger.=20

  3. Ask where it will be convenient to park cars. Don't block traffic = lanes=20 and driveways.=20

  4. Never write, mark, or paint on walls, ceilings, rocks, or = structures.=20 Occasionally, it may be necessary to mark a confusing trail or road. = For this=20 purpose, carry small signs with arrows drawn on them. Place the = markers in=20 suitable locations as the group enters, and collect them on the way = out. Don't=20 cut live branches or trees.=20

  5. You might need to cross someone's property to reach a campsite or = activity=20 area. Obtain permission to do so, and remember that a landowner's = income might=20 depend on his or her crops and livestock. Don't climb fences that = might break=20 under your weight. Always leave gates exactly as you found them. Open = gates=20 can result in extensive loss to the owner.=20

  6. Don't tease or chase livestock. Take special care not to startle = flocks of=20 poultry. Disregard for the owner's animals can result in injury to you = and/or=20 the animals.=20

  7. Be conscious of any actions that will disturb or inconvenience the = owner.=20 Keep noise to a minimum, especially late at night. Pick up trash, even = that=20 left by previous visitors. Don't build a fire except in cleared fire = sites and=20 with the owner's permission. It's best to use a backpacking stove. = Fires must=20 be completely out before you leave the area. =20

  8. Don't leave behind any trace of your visit. Leave every natural = thing and=20 manmade structure exactly as it was before you entered, and remove = everything=20 you brought to the site. Put trash in suitable containers, such as = plastic=20 bags, and then take all trash home; never dump it on the ground.=20

  9. If it is not too late at night, stop as you leave to tell the = owner that=20 you are leaving. If it is late, write a note. Remember that the = owner's=20 schedule might not be the same as yours. If the home is dark, = regardless of=20 the hour, don't disturb the owner. In either case, thank the owner = when you=20 leave. Send a follow-up letter that includes, if possible, pictures = taken in=20 the area.=20

  10. When obtaining permission to enter a property, never underestimate = the=20 length of time you might spend there. If you specify an exit time to = the=20 owner, leave at that time. You can plan longer trips for the future. = Missing=20 an exit time could cause unnecessary concern or inconvenience for the = owner.=20

  11. When planning camps and activities, don't frequent the same = well-known=20 sites. Heavy traffic causes damage and puts a strain on owner = relations=20 (commercial or public sites excepted). In the backcountry, limit = camping at=20 one location to no more than three days to help preserve the natural=20 environment.=20

  12. All Cub Scouts, Boy Scouts, Venturers, and leaders should = demonstrate=20 their interest in the property of others and their appreciation by=20 participating in or organizing an occasional cleanup to remove trash = and=20 repair damage left by thoughtless visitors, as well as to remove = writing on=20 walls and rocks. With the owner's permission, you might even carry out = conservation projects such as erosion control or wildlife habitat = improvement.=20 This makes an excellent group project and teaches conservation of and = respect=20 for the natural environment and property of others.

Often, people forget that camps, trails, and activity sites belong to = the=20 landowner and that they must depend on his or her goodwill. In recent = years, use=20 of natural areas has increased tremendously. Owners of popular sites are = besieged by people seeking entrance, and the result has been that many = owners=20 are becoming alienated. The rudeness and thoughtlessness of a few people = can=20 cause property owners to exclude everyone from a site.

The above rules boil down to a simple statement: Use common sense and = treat=20 the owner as you would like to be treated. If outdoor activity is to = continue in=20 this country, everyone must do all they can to make themselves welcome = at each=20 site they visit.

Hantavirus

Hantavirus is a deadly virus that was first recognized as a unique = health=20 hazard in 1993. Outbreaks have been principally limited to the Four = Corners=20 region of Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado. There are four = different=20 strains of hantavirus, and cases have been reported in 26 different = states. The=20 virus is most active when the temperature is between 45 and 72 degrees = (F).

Hantavirus is spread through the urine and feces of infected rodents. = It is=20 an airborne virus. A person is infected by breathing in particles = released into=20 the air when infected rodents, their nests, or their droppings are = disturbed.=20 This can happen when a person is handling rodents, disturbing rodent = nests or=20 burrows, cleaning buildings where rodents have made a home, or working = outdoors.=20 The virus will die quickly when exposed to sunlight.

Symptoms of hantavirus include fever, chills, muscle aches, nausea, = vomiting,=20 diarrhea, abdominal pain, and a dry, nonproductive cough. If you suspect = that=20 someone has been infected, consult a physician immediately.

Rabies=20 Prevention

Rabies has become increasingly prevalent in the United States in = recent=20 years, with more than 7,000 animals, most of which are wild, found to = have the=20 disease each year, according to statistics released by the Centers for = Disease=20 Control and Prevention (CDC). This viral infection is often found in = bats,=20 foxes, raccoons, and skunks. Rabies can be transmitted by warm-blooded = animals,=20 including domestic dogs and cats.

Although rabies in humans is rare in the United States, the CDC = reports that=20 more than 22,000 people in this country require vaccination each year = after=20 being exposed to rabid or potentially rabid animals. States with the = highest=20 number of reported cases include New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, New = Mexico,=20 Texas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, New Hampshire, = Maryland, and=20 parts of northern California.

Scout leaders can help prevent exposures by reminding Scouts to steer = clear=20 of wild animals and domestic animals that they don't know. If someone is = scratched or bitten by a potentially rabid animal, Scout leaders = should

  • Wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water.=20
  • Call a doctor or a hospital emergency room.=20
  • Get a description of the animal.

Notify local animal control office, police department, or board of=20 health.

3D"IV.

=20

The Boy Scouts of America prohibits the use of alcoholic beverages = and=20 controlled substances at encampments or activities on property owned = and/or=20 operated by the Boy Scouts of America, or at any activity involving=20 participation of youth members.

Adult leaders should support the attitude that young adults are = better off=20 without tobacco and may not allow the use of tobacco products at any = BSA=20 activity involving youth participants.

All Scouting functions, meetings, and activities should be conducted = on a=20 smoke-free basis, with smoking areas located away from all = participants.

3D"V.

Perhaps the most critical test of your preparedness will be in time = of=20 emergency. Developing and rehearsing an emergency action plan will add = precious=20 time needed for response to a crisis. This is true on a day hike, = overnight or=20 longer troop camp, and all other activities. A plan should include:

  1. The person in charge=20
  2. Action to be taken=20
  3. Alternatives=20
  4. People and agencies to notify=20
  5. Location of law enforcement=20
  6. Fire and health facilities=20
  7. Evacuation procedures

Skilled planners "live" the experience in advance by thinking their = way=20 through every detail of an activity or event. This practice helps = eliminate=20 surprises. If an emergency occurs, panic is replaced by self-confident=20 quickness.

Whenever an emergency occurs in which a person needs medical care = beyond=20 simple first aid (for example, going to a medical clinic or emergency = room at a=20 hospital), leaders should immediately notify the parent or next of kin. = In case=20 of a missing Scout or a fatality, notify the council Scout executive = after=20 notifying local authorities and emergency medical services.

Prepare an emergency phone number list, like the one below, for = out-of-town=20 trips. This list and an ample supply of coins should be kept with your = first-aid=20 kit. It is suggested that at least one of the adult leaders has an = electronic=20 means of communication in case of an emergency.

Reporting = Deaths or=20 Serious Injury

Adult leaders are responsible for informing their council Scout = executive or=20 designee, as soon as possible, of a death or serious injury or illness. = A=20 serious injury or illness is defined as:

  1. Any period of unconsciousness;=20
  2. Any hospital inpatient admission; or=20
  3. Any surgical intervention other than suturing of the skin or = setting of=20 simple fractures.

Leaders should be prepared to give specific facts of:

WHO?=20
Name of subject, age; name and complete address of parent(s) or = next of=20 kin=20
WHEN?=20
Date, time of day=20
WHERE?=20
Location and community=20
WHAT?=20
Nature of illness or accident=20
HOW?=20
If known, e.g., swimming, boating, hiking

Prompt and accurate reporting to the news media is most important. = The local=20 council has a crisis communications plan, and the Scout Executive will = designate=20 one spokesperson in order to avoid conflicting reports. Parents or next = of kin=20 will be informed by personal contact before any release is made to the=20 public.

Nonserious injuries need not be reported. It is recommended that a = report be=20 prepared regarding each such incident and maintained by the unit for = future=20 reference.

Emergency = Contact=20 List

  • Location of trip or expedition=20
  • Names and locations of nearest town(s), city(ies)=20
  • Name and phone number of nearest local contact=20
  • Name and phone number of nearest doctor, hospital, or medical = facility=20
  • Name and phone number of nearest county sheriff's department=20
  • Name and phone number of nearest state or federal park station=20
  • Phone number of State Highway Patrol=20
  • Phone number of BSA local council service center

Download an Emergency Contact List to use. (PDF)=20

3D"VI.

First aid is the first help or immediate care given someone who has = suddenly=20 sickened or been hurt in an accident. First-aid training continues = through the=20 program of the Boy Scouts of America as concrete evidence that we are = prepared=20 to help others in need.

It is important that one person in each touring group be trained in = the=20 principles of first aid, know how and when to put this knowledge to the = best=20 use, and thoroughly understand the limitations of this knowledge.

It is strongly recommended that adult leaders in Scouting avail = themselves of=20 CPR and first-aid training by the American Red Cross or any recognized = agency to=20 be aware of the latest techniques and procedures. However, some of the = first-aid=20 techniques found in BSA literature are not the same as those professed = by the=20 American Red Cross. Frequently, modifications depend on the Scout's = age=97this=20 could be a factor in the Scout's judgment and physical dexterity.

First-Aid=20 Kits

A first-aid kit well stocked with the basic essentials is = indispensable.=20 Choose one sturdy and lightweight, yet large enough to hold the contents = so that=20 they are readily visible and so that any one item may be taken out = without=20 unpacking the whole kit. Keep a list of contents readily available for = easy=20 refilling. Keep the kit in a convenient location. Make one person = responsible=20 for keeping the kit filled and available when needed. Quantities of = suggested=20 items for your first-aid kit depend on the size of your group and local=20 conditions.

Suggested First-Aid Kit=20 Contents

=20
  • Bar of soap=20
  • 2-inch roller bandage=20
  • 1-inch roller bandage=20
  • 1-inch adhesive=20
  • 3-by-3-inch sterile pads=20
  • Triangular bandage=20
  • Assorted gauze pads=20
  • Adhesive strips=20
  • Clinical oral thermometer=20
  • Scissors=20
  • Tweezers=20
  • Sunburn lotion=20
  • Lip salve=20
  • Poison-ivy lotion=20
  • Small flashlight (with extra batteries and bulb)=20
  • Absorbent cotton=20
  • Water purification tablets (iodine)=20
  • Safety pins=20
  • Needles=20
  • Paper cups=20
  • Foot powder=20
  • Instant ice packs

Because of the possibility of exposure to communicable diseases, = first-aid=20 kits should include latex or vinyl gloves, plastic goggles or other = eye=20 protection, and antiseptic to be used when giving first aid = to=20 bleeding victims, as protection against possible exposure. Mouth = barrier=20 devices should be available for use with CPR.

Cardiopulmonary=20 Resuscitation (CPR)

This specialized skill to endeavor to revive victims of cardiac = arrest (no=20 breathing-no pulse) may be taught to Boy Scouts and Venturers by an = instructor=20 currently trained by the American Red Cross or American Heart = Association.=20 Teaching this skill to Cub Scouts is not recommended.

Preliminary skills related to CPR are found in the Boy Scout = Handbook=20 and the First Aid merit badge pamphlet (rescue breathing, = choking, and=20 steps to take for CPR).

Protection = Considerations=20 for Bloodborne Pathogens

Many people are concerned about the rapid spread of HIV (the AIDS = virus) and=20 try to avoid exposing themselves to this hazard. Health professionals = and=20 amateur first-aiders like those of us in Scouting may find ourselves = faced with=20 special concerns in this regard. Therefore, we must know how to act and = how to=20 instruct the youth we lead. Try to maintain the BSA's tradition of = rendering=20 first aid to those in need. Recognize that often the victims we treat = with first=20 aid are friends and family members whose health we are familiar with. = Therefore,=20 in such cases, except when we know they have infectious diseases, we = should not=20 hesitate to treat them.

The Boy Scouts of America=20 Recommends

Treat all blood as if it were contaminated with bloodborne viruses. = Do not=20 use bare hands to stop bleeding; always use a protective barrier. Always = wash=20 exposed skin area with hot water and soap immediately after treating the = victim.=20 The following equipment is to be included in all first-aid kits and used = when=20 rendering first aid to those in need:

  • Latex or vinyl gloves, to be used when stopping bleeding or = dressing=20 wounds=20
  • A mouth-barrier device for rendering rescue breathing or CPR=20
  • Plastic goggles or other eye protection to prevent a victim's = blood from=20 getting into the rescuer's eyes in the event of serious arterial = bleeding=20
  • Antiseptic, for sterilizing or cleaning exposed skin area, = particularly if=20 there is no soap or water available.

Individuals (medicine, fire rescue, and law enforcement Venturing = crew=20 members; volunteer first-aiders at camporees, Scouting shows, and = similar=20 events) who might have been exposed to another's blood and body fluids = should=20 know the following:

  1. The chartered organization and its leaders should always explain = and make=20 clear the possible degree of exposure to blood or body fluids as a = result of=20 Scouting activities.=20

  2. As a precaution, adult volunteers or youth members should consider = a=20 hepatitis B vaccination. The cost of the shots will not be borne by = BSA, nor=20 is the chartered organization required to underwrite the cost.=20

  3. The chartered organization may arrange to have shots given at a = reduced=20 rate or free of charge.=20

  4. If vaccination is recommended, any adult volunteers and youth = members who=20 decline the shots, either at full cost to them or at a reduced rate, = or free,=20 should sign a refusal waiver that should be retained by the council = for five=20